Accidents, Liability Obligations and Monopolized Markets for Spare Parts: Profits and Social Welfare

We analyze the effects of accidents and liability obligations on the incentives of car manufacturers to monopolize the markets for their spare parts. We show that monopolized markets for spare parts lead to higher overall expenditures for consumers. Furthermore, while the manufacturers invest more in order to offer cars with higher qualities, monopolization tends to reduce social welfare. Key for these results is the observation that high prices for spare parts entail a negative external effect inasmuch as liability obligations imply that consumers of competing products have to pay the high prices as well.aftermarkets, monopolization, liability

Mergers in Imperfectly Segmented Markets

We present a model with firms selling (homogeneous) products in two imperfectly segmented markets (a "high-demand" and a "low-demand" market). Buyers are mobile but restricted by transportation costs, so that imperfect arbitrage occurs when prices differ in both markets. We show that equilibria are distorted away from Cournot outcomes to prevent consumer arbitrage. Furthermore, a merger can lead to an equilibrium in which only the "high-demand" market is served. This is more likely (i) the lower consumers' transportation costs and (ii) the higher the concentration of the industry. Therefore, merger incentives are much larger than standard analysis suggests.Imperfect Market Segmentation, Oligopoly, Price Discrimination, Consumer Arbitrage, Mergers

Open Source Software, Competition and Potential Entry

We analyze a model with two software firms, quality improving coding expenditures and potential competition. The firms can publish parts of their software as open source. Publishing software implies positive spillovers and thus reduces the firms' coding costs. On the other hand there exist two negative effects. First, lower coding costs induce higher coding expenditures which decreases the firms' profits if their programs are substitutes. Second, open source encourages entry and increases the expenditures required to deter entry. The firms' optimal open source decisions balance these opposite effects.Open Source, Spillovers, Potential Entry

Mobile Phone Termination Charges with Asymmetric Regulation

We model competition between two unregulated mobile phone companies with price-elastic demand and less than full market coverage. We also assume that there is a regulated full-coverage fixed network. In order to induce stronger competition, mobile companies could have an incentive to raise their reciprocal mobile-to-mobile access charges above the marginal costs of termination. Stronger competition leads to an increase of the mobiles' market shares, with the advantage that (genuine) network effects are strengthened. Therefore, 'collusion' may well be in line with social welfare.Telecommunication, Mobile phones, Mobile-to-mobile access charges, Network effects

New Networks, Competition and Regulation

We consider a model with two firms operating their individual networks. Each firm can choose its price as well as its investment to build up its network. Assuming a skewed distribution of consumers, our model leads to an asymmetric market structure with one firm choosing higher investments. While access regulation imposed on the dominant firm leads to lower prices, positive welfare effects are diminished by strategic investment decisions of the firms. Within a dynamic game with indirect network effects leading to potentially increased demand, regulation can substantially lower aggregate social welfare. Conditional access holidays can alleviate regulatory failure.Regulation, network effects, natural monopoly

On the Economics of Internet Peering

We discuss economic rationales behind peering decisions in the Internet. In We discuss economic rationales behind peering decisions in the Internet. In the first part of the paper we analyze the decision about a bilateral peering agreement between two commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) who are in Cournot competition. In the second part we discuss multilateral peer-ing between commercial ISPs and an academic research network (ARN). The latter is organized as club of academics who share the cost of their net-work. It is discussed whether peering threatens the existence of the ARN and under what circumstances a commercial ISP would want to use strate-gic pricing to win all ARN-members as customers.Internet Economics, Interconnection Agreements

Upfront Payments and Listing Decisions

We analyze the listing decisions of a retailer who may ask her suppliers to make upfront payments in order to be listed. We consider a sequential game with upfront payments being negotiated before short-term delivery contracts. We show that the retailer is more likely to use upfront payments the higher her bargaining power and the higher the number of potential suppliers. Upfront payments tend to lower the number of products offered by the retailer when the products are rather close substitutes. However, upfront payments can increase social welfare if they ameliorate inefficient listing decisions implied by short-term contracts only.Buyer power, upfront payments, retailing

Quality distortions in vertical relations

This paper examines how delivery tariffs and private quality standards are determined in vertical relations that are subject to asymmetric information. We consider an infinitely repeated game where an upstream firm sells a product to a downstream firm. In each period, the firms negotiate a delivery contract comprising the quality of the good as well as a nonlinear tariff. Assuming asymmetric information about the actual quality of the product and focusing on incentive compatible contracts, we show that from the firms' perspective delivery contracts lead to more efficient contracts and thus higher overall profits the lower the firms' outside options, i.e. the higher their mutual dependency. Buyer power driven by a reduced outside option of the upstream firm enhances the efficiency of vertical relations, while buyer power due to an improved outside option of the downstream firm implies less effcient outcomes. --Quality Uncertainty,Private Standards,Vertical Relations,Buyer Power

Quality Distortions in Vertical Relations

This paper examines how delivery tariffs and private quality standards are determined in vertical relations that are subject to asymmetric information. We consider an infinitely repeated game where an upstream firm sells a product to a downstream firm. In each period, the firms negotiate a delivery contract comprising the quality of the good as well as a non-linear tariff. Assuming asymmetric information about the actual quality of the product and focusing on incentive compatible contracts, we show that delivery contracts are more efficient the lower the firms' outside options, i.e. the higher their mutual dependency. Buyer power driven by a reduced outside option of the upstream firm enhances the efficiency of vertical relations, while buyer power due to an improved outside option of the downstream firm implies less efficient outcomes.Quality Uncertainty, Private Standards, Vertical Relations, Buyer Power

EU auf dem richtigen Weg: Designschutz für Auto-Ersatzteile nicht gerechtfertigt

Im Dezember vergangenen Jahres hat das Europäische Parlament einer Vorlage der Europäischen Kommission zugestimmt, wonach die Schutzrechte für das Design von Auto-Ersatzteilen eingeschränkt werden sollen. Für Ersatzteile, deren Design maßgeblich für ihre Funktionalität oder ihr äußeres Erscheinungsbild ist, soll es nach einer Übergangsfrist von fünf Jahren keinen Designschutz mehr geben. Eine ökonomische Analyse zeigt, dass diese Regelungen die Effizienz der Märkte erhöhen können. Der Wegfall von Schutzrechten ermöglicht Wettbewerb auf den Ersatzteilmärkten, wodurch sich nicht nur die Preise für die Ersatzteile selbst verändern. Vor allem werden die potentiellen Preisstrategien der Automobilhersteller so eingeschränkt, dass relativ geringe Preise für Autos nicht mehr durch hohe Preise für Ersatzteile kompensiert werden können. Dieser Effekt kann schließlich zu geringeren Preisen und damit zu effizienteren Marktergebnissen führen.Aftermarkets, Monopolization, Liability